最新的(de)行(xing)業(ye)趨勢和見解(jie)
三中全會來了!“十四五”日子過半,“十五五”時期氫能產業將面臨的新形勢!
“十(shi)四五”日(ri)子過半,我國氫能產業(ye)(ye)(ye)已經取得了(le)一些成績,工信部(bu)日(ri)前召開發(fa)布會明確提出:加快推動氫能、新(xin)型儲能、環保(bao)裝備、綠(lv)色(se)智算、智能微電網(wang)等綠(lv)色(se)低碳產業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展,持續打(da)造產業(ye)(ye)(ye)競爭新(xin)優(you)勢(shi)。
氫能產(chan)業(ye)發展(zhan)面臨新機遇(yu)和挑戰,如何在(zai)“十(shi)五五”期間進行布局?
一、“十五五”時期氫能產業將(jiang)面臨的新(xin)形勢(shi)
(一)氫能碳(tan)減排作用更(geng)加突出
全球140多(duo)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)和地區已(yi)承(cheng)諾碳中(zhong)和,并陸續發布(bu)時間表和路(lu)線圖。主要(yao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)均(jun)將2030年(nian)作為(wei)(wei)重要(yao)時間節點,明確了階段性碳減(jian)排(pai)目標(biao)(biao)。到2030年(nian),歐盟碳排(pai)放量應(ying)較1990年(nian)減(jian)少55%,美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)較2005年(nian)減(jian)少50%~52%,日本較2013年(nian)減(jian)少46%。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也承(cheng)諾力(li)爭于2030年(nian)前實(shi)現(xian)碳達峰。“十五五”時期(qi)(qi)是(shi)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)現(xian)階段性碳減(jian)排(pai)目標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)重要(yao)關口期(qi)(qi),氫(qing)能(neng)作為(wei)(wei)一種來(lai)源豐(feng)富(fu)、綠色低碳、應(ying)用廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)能(neng)源,被各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)視為(wei)(wei)推動(dong)交通(tong)運輸、工業(ye)和建筑(zhu)等領域實(shi)現(xian)大規(gui)模脫碳、降碳的(de)(de)重要(yao)抓(zhua)手。歐盟率(lv)先設定氫(qing)能(neng)替代比例,到2030年(nian)工業(ye)用氫(qing)中(zhong)42%應(ying)來(lai)自可再生氫(qing)及其衍生物、航(hang)空燃(ran)料(liao)中(zhong)1.2%應(ying)來(lai)自綠氫(qing)合成燃(ran)料(liao)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際海事組織(zhi)規(gui)定到2030年(nian),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際航(hang)運綠色燃(ran)料(liao)使(shi)用率(lv)應(ying)提高至(zhi)5%~10%。為(wei)(wei)確保碳減(jian)排(pai)目標(biao)(biao)如(ru)期(qi)(qi)實(shi)現(xian),各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、各(ge)行(xing)業(ye)、各(ge)領域氫(qing)能(neng)需求(qiu)將加(jia)快釋放,為(wei)(wei)氫(qing)能(neng)產業(ye)發展帶來(lai)新的(de)(de)機遇。
(二)氫(qing)能作(zuo)(zuo)為長時儲能將發揮重(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)用
隨著風(feng)電光(guang)伏大(da)規(gui)模、高(gao)比(bi)例接入電網,我國可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源消納(na)壓力逐(zhu)步(bu)顯(xian)現(xian)。部分地區風(feng)電或光(guang)伏利(li)用(yong)(yong)率(lv)連(lian)年低(di)于95%,已突(tu)破消納(na)紅線,發展長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)時(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)迫(po)在眉睫。目前(qian),甘肅、內蒙古等地新能(neng)(neng)源配儲(chu)(chu)(chu)的調峰時(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)已達到4個小時(shi)。“十五(wu)五(wu)”時(shi)期,預計(ji)新型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)調峰時(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)將從(cong)當(dang)前(qian)的2~4小時(shi)逐(zhu)步(bu)延長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)至6~8小時(shi)。大(da)規(gui)模、長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)周(zhou)期應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場景下,氫(qing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)優勢(shi)將逐(zhu)步(bu)顯(xian)現(xian)。一(yi)方(fang)面,氫(qing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)容量易擴張。通過增加儲(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)罐(guan)擴大(da)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)力,能(neng)(neng)以較(jiao)低(di)的邊(bian)際(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)本提升儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)規(gui)模和周(zhou)期。另一(yi)方(fang)面,氫(qing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場景靈活多(duo)元。固態儲(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)技(ji)術可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于用(yong)(yong)戶側(ce)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng),醇氨儲(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)、鹽(yan)穴儲(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)等可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于電源側(ce)和電網側(ce)大(da)規(gui)模跨季節(jie)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)。隨著技(ji)術研發示范的深入推(tui)進,氫(qing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)有望實現(xian)產業化應(ying)用(yong)(yong),與電能(neng)(neng)和熱能(neng)(neng)加速(su)融合,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源規(gui)模化高(gao)效利(li)用(yong)(yong)重要載體。
(三)氫能為(wei)產業發(fa)展注(zhu)入強大動力
氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)科技含量高、帶動能(neng)力強,是前沿新(xin)興(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)重點發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)向。全球50多個國(guo)家和地區發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)布了國(guo)家氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)戰(zhan)略(lve),紛紛搶占產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)競(jing)爭的先機(ji)。近兩年,歐盟加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)構建(jian)氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)監管(guan)規則,美國(guo)大量補貼(tie)本土(tu)氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈,全球氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)競(jing)爭日益激烈。我國(guo)也已發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)布氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)長期規劃,明確了氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)定(ding)位、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)目標、任(ren)務路徑(jing),頂層設計(ji)初步(bu)形成(cheng)。今年《政(zheng)府工(gong)作(zuo)報告》提出加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)前沿新(xin)興(xing)氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。“十五(wu)五(wu)”時期,預計(ji)各部門、各地區將加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)制(zhi)定(ding)氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)相(xiang)關配套政(zheng)策措施,規范管(guan)理(li)、加(jia)(jia)大支持(chi),產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)“1+N”政(zheng)策體系逐步(bu)完善(shan),產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)環境進(jin)一步(bu)優化。同(tong)時,非化工(gong)園區制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)、取(qu)消氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)項目危化品(pin)管(guan)理(li)要求、明確氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)項目審批驗收流程等經驗做法(fa)有望在(zai)更大范圍推(tui)廣(guang),有力支撐氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。
(四)氫能將進入(ru)提(ti)速發展新階(jie)段(duan)
我國(guo)是(shi)全(quan)球最大可再(zai)生能源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)國(guo)、鋼鐵和化學品生產國(guo)、汽車消費國(guo)和船東國(guo),發展氫(qing)(qing)能產業(ye)擁有豐富綠電(dian)(dian)資源(yuan)(yuan)優勢和超大市(shi)場(chang)規模優勢。近年來,在“政產學研用資”多(duo)方共(gong)同(tong)努力下,氫(qing)(qing)能科技創新成(cheng)效(xiao)顯(xian)著(zhu),應用場(chang)景日益豐富,氫(qing)(qing)能產業(ye)鏈加快建立,氫(qing)(qing)能產業(ye)發展取得了(le)亮眼的成(cheng)績。燃料電(dian)(dian)池主要面上指標達到國(guo)際(ji)先(xian)(xian)進水(shui)平,冶金、合成(cheng)甲醇等多(duo)領域(yu)萬(wan)噸級規模化用氫(qing)(qing)項(xiang)目實現工程(cheng)示范,制氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽總裝機(ji)規模突破60萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)、成(cheng)為全(quan)球第一(yi)。“十(shi)五(wu)五(wu)”時期,隨(sui)著(zhu)氫(qing)(qing)能產業(ye)基礎的不斷(duan)提(ti)升(sheng),我國(guo)氫(qing)(qing)能產業(ye)將進入提(ti)速發展階段,逐步將資源(yuan)(yuan)和市(shi)場(chang)“兩頭在內(nei)”的先(xian)(xian)天(tian)優勢轉化為“資源(yuan)(yuan)-產業(ye)-市(shi)場(chang)”良性循環的后天(tian)勝勢。
二、“十(shi)五五”時期氫能產業發展思路和目標(biao)
(一)發展思路
牢牢把握(wo)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)作為(wei)未來國家能(neng)(neng)源體(ti)系(xi)(xi)重(zhong)(zhong)要組成部分(fen)、用能(neng)(neng)終端綠色低碳轉型重(zhong)(zhong)要載體(ti)、前沿新(xin)(xin)興產(chan)(chan)業(ye)重(zhong)(zhong)點發(fa)展方向的戰略定(ding)位,按照《氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)發(fa)展中長期規劃(hua)(2021-2035年)》整體(ti)部署,結(jie)合“十五(wu)五(wu)”時期新(xin)(xin)的發(fa)展形勢,以氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)高質量發(fa)展為(wei)目標,以降碳需(xu)求為(wei)引領,分(fen)類推進(jin)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)科技創新(xin)(xin),有序開展氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)示范(fan)應(ying)用,因地制(zhi)宜(yi)、因事制(zhi)宜(yi)布(bu)局(ju)清潔低碳氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)供(gong)給(gei),著力健全氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)發(fa)展制(zhi)度(du)政策,推動(dong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)從有到優、氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈從弱(ruo)到強,把氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)培育(yu)成帶動(dong)我國產(chan)(chan)業(ye)升級的新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)長點,促進(jin)新(xin)(xin)質生產(chan)(chan)力發(fa)展,為(wei)推進(jin)新(xin)(xin)型工業(ye)化、建設現代化產(chan)(chan)業(ye)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)提供(gong)有力支(zhi)撐(cheng)。
(二)發展目標
到2030年,形成相對完(wan)(wan)善的(de)氫(qing)能(neng)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展制度(du)政策(ce)環境、較(jiao)(jiao)為完(wan)(wan)備的(de)氫(qing)能(neng)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)技術創(chuang)新(xin)體(ti)系(xi)、清潔低碳高效的(de)氫(qing)能(neng)供(gong)應體(ti)系(xi),建立較(jiao)(jiao)為完(wan)(wan)整的(de)氫(qing)能(neng)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)供(gong)應鏈(lian)和產(chan)業(ye)(ye)體(ti)系(xi),產(chan)業(ye)(ye)布局合理(li)有序,產(chan)業(ye)(ye)規模明顯提升(sheng),清潔低碳氫(qing)廣泛應用,有力支撐碳達峰目標實現。
三(san)、“十五五”時(shi)期氫能(neng)產業(ye)發(fa)展需要(yao)解決的關鍵問題
(一)如何(he)提高氫能技術經濟性?
氫能(neng)產業整體上處于發展初(chu)期,產業鏈各環節成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)偏高。可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)制氫綜合成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)約為化石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)制氫成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的2~4倍,加(jia)氫站建設和(he)(he)運營成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)分別(bie)是傳統加(jia)油站的4倍、7倍,燃料電(dian)池汽車(che)購置和(he)(he)使(shi)用成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)分別(bie)是純電(dian)動汽車(che)的1.5~2倍和(he)(he)3~4倍,綠氨成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)是普通氨的2~3倍。與(yu)其(qi)他能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相(xiang)比,氫能(neng)市場競爭力明顯不足。
“十五五”時期(qi),建(jian)議(yi)從技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)、政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)三(san)方面發力(li)(li),著力(li)(li)提(ti)高(gao)氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)經濟性。一是加(jia)(jia)快技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)(xin)。針對短板弱項較集中領域,通過應用(yong)牽引、揭榜掛(gua)帥、賽馬爭(zheng)先(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)新(xin)(xin)機制(zhi)(zhi),組織開(kai)展氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)關鍵核心技(ji)(ji)術(shu)攻關,通過技(ji)(ji)術(shu)進步、國產替代(dai)降(jiang)成本(ben)(ben)。二是加(jia)(jia)快模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)創新(xin)(xin)。在(zai)大基(ji)地開(kai)展“風光氫(qing)(qing)儲(chu)+”一體化(hua)生(sheng)產模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi),在(zai)重化(hua)工產業聚集區探(tan)索(suo)“氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)物(wu)流運輸+氫(qing)(qing)基(ji)產品(pin)生(sheng)產”綜合應用(yong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi),支持(chi)加(jia)(jia)氫(qing)(qing)站采取站內(nei)制(zhi)(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)加(jia)(jia)氫(qing)(qing)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi),通過模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)優化(hua)、效率提(ti)升降(jiang)成本(ben)(ben)。三(san)是加(jia)(jia)快政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)創新(xin)(xin)。在(zai)局部地區先(xian)(xian)行(xing)先(xian)(xian)試,探(tan)索(suo)電價優惠(hui)、綠氫(qing)(qing)生(sheng)產獎勵、路權激勵等(deng)(deng)支持(chi)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce),破(po)除非化(hua)工園區制(zhi)(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)、氫(qing)(qing)氣危化(hua)品(pin)安全生(sheng)產許可等(deng)(deng)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)性瓶頸(jing),探(tan)索(suo)綠氫(qing)(qing)交(jiao)易、氫(qing)(qing)儲(chu)能(neng)參與電力(li)(li)市場交(jiao)易、氫(qing)(qing)能(neng)碳減排市場化(hua)交(jiao)易,通過制(zhi)(zhi)度安排降(jiang)成本(ben)(ben)。
(二(er))如何提高氫能產業(ye)鏈完備性?
我國(guo)(guo)氫能發展起(qi)步較晚,產(chan)業鏈還存(cun)在(zai)不少(shao)短板弱項(xiang),碳紙、高端催(cui)化劑等部分技(ji)術(shu)難度(du)(du)較大(da)的(de)產(chan)業鏈節點國(guo)(guo)內生產(chan)企業較少(shao),對外依(yi)存(cun)度(du)(du)高;氫冶(ye)金、固態儲氫等部分技(ji)術(shu)成熟度(du)(du)低,與產(chan)業化應用需求存(cun)在(zai)較大(da)差距。
“十五五”時(shi)期,建(jian)議(yi)開展氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)強(qiang)鏈(lian)(lian)補鏈(lian)(lian)專項行(xing)動(dong),從企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、平臺(tai)、集(ji)群(qun)等關(guan)鍵主(zhu)體入手,加(jia)快補短板(ban)、鍛長(chang)板(ban),增強(qiang)發(fa)展主(zhu)動(dong)權。一(yi)是(shi)推動(dong)氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)融通發(fa)展。支持龍頭企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)聯(lian)合行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)優勢力量(liang)組(zu)建(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)聯(lian)合體,組(zu)織實施大企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)“發(fa)榜(bang)”中小企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)“揭(jie)榜(bang)”工作,合力攻克一(yi)批產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技術難(nan)題。培育(yu)氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)細分產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)“鏈(lian)(lian)主(zhu)”企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),牽引(yin)“鏈(lian)(lian)屬”企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)協同發(fa)展。二(er)是(shi)建(jian)設氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)平臺(tai)和公共服務平臺(tai),支撐氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)關(guan)鍵技術開發(fa)、中試驗證(zheng)和工程(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)應(ying)用,提升(sheng)氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)檢(jian)驗檢(jian)測、信息(xi)服務、創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)成(cheng)(cheng)果轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)等服務能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。三是(shi)培育(yu)氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)群(qun)。引(yin)導各(ge)地結合資源稟(bing)賦和產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎,優化(hua)(hua)(hua)氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園布局,形成(cheng)(cheng)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、差異化(hua)(hua)(hua)、特色化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展路徑,避免低(di)水平重(zhong)復建(jian)設。加(jia)強(qiang)區域間(jian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)協作、上下游配(pei)套合作,實現氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)高(gao)效整合,形成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)批高(gao)水平氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)群(qun)。
(三(san))如何(he)建立清潔(jie)低碳氫供(gong)應(ying)體系?
在碳達峰碳中(zhong)和(he)目標(biao)任務要求下(xia),清(qing)潔低碳成(cheng)為氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能產業發展(zhan)的必然要求。美國(guo)(guo)、日本、德國(guo)(guo)全面(mian)升級國(guo)(guo)家(jia)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能戰(zhan)略,大幅提高(gao)綠(lv)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)規(gui)模目標(biao),到2030年綠(lv)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)產能合計高(gao)達1350萬噸(dun)。我國(guo)(guo)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)源結構偏黑,化石能源制氫(qing)(qing)(qing)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)八成(cheng),工業副產氫(qing)(qing)(qing)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)兩(liang)成(cheng),可再生能源制氫(qing)(qing)(qing)僅萬噸(dun),占(zhan)(zhan)比不足千分之(zhi)一,亟需加大清(qing)潔低碳氫(qing)(qing)(qing)供給規(gui)模。
“十五五”時期,建(jian)(jian)議以清(qing)潔低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)標(biao)準(zhun)為引(yin)領,因地制(zhi)宜發展(zhan)工業(ye)(ye)副(fu)產氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)提(ti)純和可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。一是建(jian)(jian)立清(qing)潔低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)標(biao)準(zhun)認證體系(xi)。用好(hao)標(biao)準(zhun)“指揮(hui)棒(bang)”,制(zhi)定適應(ying)我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情、與(yu)國(guo)(guo)際接軌的清(qing)潔低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(氨、醇)術語標(biao)準(zhun)、生命周期碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排放核(he)算方法和碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)足跡認證方法,引(yin)導高(gao)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)排放制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)工藝(yi)向綠色制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)工藝(yi)轉變。二是提(ti)高(gao)工業(ye)(ye)副(fu)產氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)利用水(shui)平(ping)。充(chong)分發揮(hui)工業(ye)(ye)副(fu)產氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)清(qing)潔低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)、成本較低(di)、供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)穩定、分布(bu)(bu)廣泛優勢(shi),推動建(jian)(jian)設一批焦化、氯堿、丙烷脫氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)等行業(ye)(ye)副(fu)產氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)規(gui)(gui)模化提(ti)純示范項目,提(ti)升高(gao)品質清(qing)潔低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)能力。三是積極發展(zhan)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。集中(zhong)式(shi)和分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)并(bing)舉,統(tong)籌(chou)規(gui)(gui)劃、合(he)理推進集中(zhong)式(shi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)項目建(jian)(jian)設,加快突(tu)破(po)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)電(dian)耦合(he)、系(xi)統(tong)集成與(yu)集群(qun)控制(zhi)等關鍵技術。在加氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)站開(kai)展(zhan)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)現場制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)儲氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),作為穩定、經濟氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)的補充(chong)。布(bu)(bu)局(ju)海上(shang)風電(dian)制(zhi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),緩(huan)解未來東南(nan)沿海地區清(qing)潔低(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)壓力。
(四)如(ru)何推動氫能規模化應(ying)用?
我(wo)國氫能示(shi)范應(ying)用以燃(ran)(ran)料電池汽車為先導,目前(qian)已獲得一定的(de)市場化需求,銷量持續(xu)增長。然而(er),燃(ran)(ran)料電池汽車單車用氫量較低(di),預計到(dao)2030年我(wo)國車用氫能消耗量僅約30~40萬噸/年,難(nan)以推(tui)動(dong)龐大的(de)能源體系綠色低(di)碳轉型,亟需探索氫能規模(mo)化應(ying)用新路徑。
“十五(wu)五(wu)”時期,建(jian)議(yi)以(yi)工業(ye)(ye)領域為突破口(kou),以(yi)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)場景(jing)為牽引,以(yi)供需聯動(dong)為路徑(jing),有序提升重點行業(ye)(ye)規模化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)力。一(yi)是拓展(zhan)(zhan)工業(ye)(ye)規模化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)場景(jing)。聚(ju)焦(jiao)石油煉化(hua)、合成氨、合成甲醇、航(hang)空燃料、鋼鐵等重點行業(ye)(ye),加快技(ji)術開發,形(xing)成一(yi)批單個(ge)項目用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)量達萬噸(dun)(dun)至十數萬噸(dun)(dun)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)場景(jing)。二是開展(zhan)(zhan)綜合性(xing)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)示范應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。支持開展(zhan)(zhan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)供給、消納一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)示范應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),推進規模化(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)場景(jing)落地。探(tan)索建(jian)立區(qu)域氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)中心,促(cu)進多種制氫(qing)(qing)(qing)路徑(jing)、儲運(yun)方(fang)式、應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)場景(jing)協同(tong)發展(zhan)(zhan),形(xing)成成熟(shu)的(de)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)規模化(hua)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)系(xi)統(tong)解(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案。三(san)是有序推進行業(ye)(ye)清(qing)潔(jie)低碳(tan)(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。結合不同(tong)行業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)階段、碳(tan)(tan)減(jian)排需求、氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)技(ji)術進展(zhan)(zhan),適時提出(chu)行業(ye)(ye)性(xing)的(de)清(qing)潔(jie)低碳(tan)(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比例(li)要(yao)求,成熟(shu)一(yi)個(ge)推行一(yi)個(ge),梯次釋(shi)放行業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)需求。
(五)如(ru)何將氫能產(chan)業培育為出口新(xin)增長(chang)點(dian)?
全球(qiu)氫能(neng)產業(ye)已(yi)進入(ru)爆發(fa)前夕,預計到2030年(nian),將(jiang)催(cui)生百吉瓦級(ji)別的水(shui)電(dian)解槽(cao)市(shi)場、千(qian)萬(wan)噸(dun)級(ji)別的綠(lv)色能(neng)源市(shi)場。我國已(yi)在堿性電(dian)解槽(cao)等產品上(shang)建立(li)顯著產能(neng)和(he)成本優勢,具備(bei)一(yi)定參(can)與國際競爭的基礎。應抓住全球(qiu)綠(lv)色低碳(tan)轉型的機遇(yu),將(jiang)氫能(neng)培育成繼新(xin)能(neng)源汽車、太陽能(neng)電(dian)池、鋰電(dian)池外貿“新(xin)三(san)樣”之后的出口新(xin)增(zeng)長點。
“十五五”時期,建議以水電解槽、氫(qing)基綠(lv)色能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)等國內基礎(chu)好(hao)、國際(ji)需求(qiu)足的產(chan)品(pin)為(wei)重(zhong)點,深化(hua)貿(mao)易(yi)合作、優(you)化(hua)產(chan)能(neng)(neng)布(bu)局(ju)(ju)、參與規則(ze)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding),積極(ji)(ji)打(da)造我國氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)業外循環(huan)價(jia)值(zhi)鏈。一是加強與中東、南美洲等優(you)勢互補地(di)(di)區(qu)合作。發揮這些(xie)地(di)(di)區(qu)資源(yuan)優(you)勢和我國裝備(bei)(bei)制(zhi)造優(you)勢,開展(zhan)制(zhi)氫(qing)裝備(bei)(bei)貿(mao)易(yi)、氫(qing)基礎(chu)設(she)施建設(she)合作。二是適時布(bu)局(ju)(ju)海外產(chan)能(neng)(neng)。引導(dao)(dao)企業在全球合理分散布(bu)局(ju)(ju),建立多元(yuan)化(hua)供應鏈體系,提前應對歐美等氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)業鏈本土化(hua)要求(qiu)。三是積極(ji)(ji)參與國際(ji)規則(ze)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)。引導(dao)(dao)企業調整技術(shu)發力(li)點,開發滿足國際(ji)市場(chang)要求(qiu)的氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)裝備(bei)(bei)產(chan)品(pin)。推動相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)標準規則(ze)互認,參與并主導(dao)(dao)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)國際(ji)標準規則(ze)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding),積極(ji)(ji)爭取氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)業話語權(quan)。